Biology 102_McGraw Hill_Ch25_Taxonomy

For Biology students in Arabic language

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Biology 102_McGraw Hill_Ch25_Taxonomy

What You Will Learn!

  • Taxonomy
  • Phylogenetic Trees
  • Cladistics
  • Horizontal Gene Transfer

Description

McGraw Hill Chapter 25

Taxonomy and Systematics

Key Concepts:

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic Trees

Cladistics

Molecular Clocks

Horizontal Gene Transfer


Taxonomy

Science of describing, naming, and classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses

Systematics

Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern

•Taxonomic groups are based on hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships derived from systematics

•Hierarchical system involving successive levels

•Each group at any level is called a taxon

•Highest level is Domain

All of life belongs to one of 3 domains

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

•Previously kingdom was the highest (Linnaeus)


Taxonomic hierarchy


Supergroup between a domain and a kingdom

•7 eukaryotic supergroups

Below domain and supergroup is Kingdom

Phyla

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species


Binomial nomenclature

•Every species has genus name and species epithet

•Example: Homo sapiens

•Genus name always Capitalized

•Species epithet never capitalized

•Both names are italicized

•Rules for naming established and regulated by international associations


Phylogeny


Phylogeny – evolutionary history of a species or group of species

•To propose a phylogeny, biologists use the tools of systematics

•Trees are usually based on morphological or genetic data

•Diagram that describes phylogeny

•A hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among various species

•Based on available information

•New species can be formed by

Anagenesis – single species evolves into a different species

Cladogenesis – a species diverges into two or more species

Branch point in a phylogenetic tree are called nodes

•Times when cladogenesis has occurred

•Group species according to common ancestry


Clade consists of a common ancestral species and all of its descendant species


Who Should Attend!

  • Biology 102 students

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Tags

  • Biology

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Lectures

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