The subject is complex and takes at least two weeks to teach in-person, so this course just scratches the surface (introduces) some of the key components of meeting with a source, agent or contact in what could be hostile environments. The multiple complexities of online and physical meeting security is addressed to some degree to at least provide and interest level in HUMINT management and hopefully develop an interest in HUMINT management. The course also aims to draw all the skills previously learned in the previous courses 1-3, which are critical to the overall management of the source and the extraction of information. Spying, as well as other intelligence assessment, has existed since ancient times. In the 1980s scholars characterized foreign intelligence as "the missing dimension" of historical scholarship." Since then a largely popular and scholarly literature has emerged. Special attention has been paid to World War II,[3] as well as the Cold War era (1947–1989) that was a favorite for novelists and filmmakers. Espionage, spying or intelligence gathering is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information (intelligence) from non-disclosed sources or divulging of the same without the permission of the holder of the information for a tangible benefit. A person who commits espionage is called an espionage agent or spy. Any individual or spy ring (a cooperating group of spies), in the service of a government, company, criminal organization, or independent operation, can commit espionage. The practice is clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome. In some circumstances, it may be a legal tool of law enforcement and in others, it may be illegal and punishable by law.