Teaching Chemistry for all grades including ms and PhD schol

Description

In this course we will study about chemistry, organic chemistry, organic compounds, types of organic compounds, derivative of organic compounds aromatic hydrocarbons, cyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Nomenclature of Organic compounds and their derivatives.

Nomenclature of derivatives of organic compounds.

Nomenclature of aromatic organic compounds.

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The purpose of the IUPAC system of nomenclature is to establish an international standard of

naming compounds to facilitate communication. The goal of the system is to give each structure

a unique and unambiguous name, and to correlate each name with a unique and unambiguous

structure.

I. Fundamental Principle 

IUPAC nomenclature is based on naming a molecule’s longest chain of carbons connected by

single bonds, whether in a continuous chain or in a ring. All deviations, either multiple bonds or

atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, are indicated by prefixes or suffixes according to a

specific set of priorities.

II. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 

Alkanes are the family of saturated hydrocarbons, that is, molecules containing carbon and

hydrogen connected by single bonds only. These molecules can be in continuous chains (called

linear or acyclic), or in rings (called cyclic or alicyclic). The names of alkanes and cycloalkanes

are the root names of organic compounds. Beginning with the five-carbon alkane, the number of

carbons in the chain is indicated by the Greek or Latin prefix. Rings are designated by the prefix

“cyclo”. (In the geometrical symbols for rings, each apex represents a carbon with the number of

hydrogens required to fill its valence.)

CH4 methane CH3[CH2]10CH3 dodecane

CH3CH3 ethane CH3[CH2]11CH3 tridecane

CH3CH2CH3 propane CH3[CH2]12CH3 tetradecane

CH3[CH2]2CH3 butane CH3[CH2]18CH3 icosane

CH3[CH2]3CH3 pentane CH3[CH2]19CH3 henicosane

CH3[CH2]4CH3 hexane CH3[CH2]20CH3 docosane

CH3[CH2]5CH3 heptane CH3[CH2]21CH3 tricosane

CH3[CH2]6CH3 octane CH3[CH2]28CH3 triacontane

CH3[CH2]7CH3 nonane CH3[CH2]29CH3 hentriacontane

CH3[CH2]8CH3 decane CH3[CH2]38CH3 tetracontane

CH3[CH2]9CH3 undecane CH3[CH2]48CH3 pentacontane

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